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	  <p>Database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. One of the earliest such systems was&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Information_Management_System" title="IBM Information Management System">Information Management System</a>&nbsp;(IMS),<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20062-19"></a>&nbsp;which is still widely deployed more than 40 years later.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-IMS-20"></a>&nbsp;IMS stores data&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_database_model" title="Hierarchical database model">hierarchically</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20062-19"></a>&nbsp;but in the 1970s&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Ted Codd</a>&nbsp;proposed an alternative relational storage model based on&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_logic" title="Predicate logic">predicate logic</a>&nbsp;and the familiar concepts of tables, rows and columns. The first commercially available&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system" title="Relational database management system">relational database management system</a>&nbsp;(RDBMS) was available from&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>&nbsp;in 1980.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20063-21"></a></p>
	  <p>All database management systems consist of a number of components that together allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously by many users while maintaining its integrity. A characteristic of all databases is that the structure of the data they contain is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schema</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardDafoulas20062-19"></a></p>
	  <p>The&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML">extensible markup language</a>&nbsp;(XML) has become a popular format for data representation in recent years. Although XML data can be stored in normal&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a>, it is commonly held in relational databases to take advantage of their &quot;robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort&quot;.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardede20092-22"></a>&nbsp;As an evolution of the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">Standard Generalized Markup Language</a>&nbsp;(SGML), XML's text-based structure offers the advantage of being both machine and human-readable.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardede20094-23"></a></p>
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